This study provides an empirical examination and analysis of how the disputed status of Kirkuk and Ninewa Plains (Hamdaniya and Tel Keif) impacts the function of the justice sector, specifically the courts and police. It also provides a detailed and evidence-based analysis of the community’s experiences and interactions with the justice system in Iraq’s disputed territories. Finally, this report provides practical policy recommendations to enhance human rights standards and the rule of law in Iraq’s most diverse and disputed territories.